Monday, March 16, 2015

Prices of steel and building material in the UAE dropped due to low oil price

Dubai: UAE-based steel and building material suppliers are seeing a dramatic drop in prices due to low oil price, Abdullah Al Gurg, Group General Manager of Easa Saleh Al Gurg Group (ESAG), told Gulf News.




"We have a large stock of steel and building material stored in the warehouses and showrooms which we bought at a higher price before the drop in oil price," he said.
"We have serious concerns about the stock of steel and other building materials as the prices are continuing to drop due to the low oil price," he said.
Oil was selling for more than $115 [Dh422] a barrel in June of last year. Today it is selling below $60 a barrel.
The price of steel has fallen by more than 30 per cent since the oil price dropped last year and it is expected to continue to remain volatile, according to Al Gurg.
The slide of the oil price impairs the business environment surrounding the oil and gas petroleum-based industries These include cement, asphalt, roofing materials, insulation, plastic and others materials, he said.
While there is no indication for an imminent rebound, Al Gurg said suppliers need to adopt new strategies to survive.
He said that businesses not adding value in the steel supply chain are in danger of going out of business.
ESAG Group made a conscious decision to shift from a stockholding model to a manufacturing model to protect this business segment and to prepare the Group's steel division for growth in the coming years.
The oil and gas industry is by nature cyclical, he said, and the market adapted to similar cycles in the past and will adapt according to the evolution of demand.
"We are confident in the long-term attractiveness of global oil and gas markets and committed to our strategy of provide the most innovative and competitive solution until the market could pass this critical phase," he said.




Economic boost
For Raza Rafar, CEO of Enshaa, low oil price means a promising economic growth and across all business sectors, especial real estate.
"Low oil price means a genuine economic boost hence oil and gas downstream industries will be produced at a lower cost," he said.
More energy is needed to produce commodities, such as steel, glass, aluminium and plastic, he added.
While the price of oil hit its peak in 2011 and 2012, the construction industry immediately felt the squeeze, leaving contractors worried about cutting costs. Today the low oil price provides some relief for the real estate market, Jafar said.
It is logical that most developers will seek to finalise their current projects faster and more developments are expected to be announced soon.
Pradeep Unni, ‎head of trading & research at Richcomm Global Services, said that it is not the worst oil crash in the history and that during 2008 and 2009 oil sold at $30 per barrel.
He said the real impact of a low oil price will result in incomes, revenues and liquidity being squeezed and most economic sectors across the UAE, from industry to tourism, will be affected.
"So we can see a lot of supply and stock in the market while there is less demand because of the shrinking capital," he said.
"I do believe that oil price has almost reached the bottom and I don't expect a further drop. Also I don't expect this situation to last long and the market will recover in the coming months when it adjusts to the new pricing thing," Pradeep said.

Sunday, March 15, 2015

Global Ceramics Market Will Grow To $502.8 Billion by 2020

New Market Research Reports Title "Global Ceramics Market Will Grow To $502.8 Billion by 2020: Radiant Insights, Inc" Has Been Added to RadiantInsights.com Report Database.
The 2014 study has 575 pages, 177 tables and figures. The vendors in the ceramics industry have to invest in high-quality production processes, logistics systems that guarantee fast delivery, and the development of innovative products in order to keep market share. 







Worldwide ceramics markets are increasingly diversified, poised to represent significant size as every segment continues to grow. Ceramics covers a broad range of sectors within the building industry. Ceramics sub-sectors are being impacted by the need for the availability of raw materials and the high costs of energy. As solar energy becomes available, competitive, and affordable by 2016, this is set to create vast market shifts in the ceramics markets.

Browse Full Report With TOC at:

The cost structures of energy-intensive ceramics producers are impacted by increasing fuel prices. The ceramics manufacturing process needs efficient energy. High energy costs for manufacturing is changing markets, hindering the competitiveness of ceramics producers without access to cheap fuels. The price of energy has risen. Ceramics sectors substantially mirror the change in the price of crude oil. Energy costs account for a measurable share of operating costs.

Ceramic segments include roof tiles, floor tiles, bricks, sanitary pottery, ceramic insulation, glass, cement, and refactory clay bricks. There are many different types of ceramic tiles including refractory tiles, technical tiles, ornamental tiles, roofing tiles, and tiles made into stands.

The ceramics sector is faced with a number of competitiveness challenges, many of which have been fuelled by globalization. Increased environmental regulation continues to be an issue. The increase in the number of comparative low-cost ceramics products being imported from emerging economies is a sign that in some sectors, particularly in the ceramic tableware sub-sector, the local competitive advantage on the basis of cost is diminishing.

Major global players are emerging in many ceramics subsectors, especially in wall and floor tile manufacturing.

A key competitiveness factor for the ceramics sector is increased environmental regulation and control. The relatively high energy-intensity of ceramics production, brought about by the need to heat kilns up to 2000°C, makes the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions challenging.

See More Reports of This Category by Radiant Insights at - www.radiantinsights.com/catalog/construction-industry

The technologies and techniques used in ceramics production to minimize energy use by kilns are already advanced. Major short-term future increases in efficiency are unlikely.

According to Susan Eustis, lead author of the WinterGreen Research team that prepared the study, 'The effects of globalization on the ceramics industry include potential economic benefit for market participants who are able to expand globally. Globalization of the ceramics sector has encouraged specialization in many markets. Within the EU, vendors have become world leaders in producing value added ceramics products, many of which are manufactured by flexible and innovative SMEs.

Globalization opportunities have encouraged firms to extend their activities to an international arena. A systematic review through the framework profile of the ceramics sector was undertaken, covering the regulatory conditions, the framework conditions, and the conditions. The review was based on a literature survey and interviews with market participants and users.

Consideration of ceramics market forecasts indicates that markets at $296.2 billion will reach $502.8 billion by 2020. Growth comes as every industry achieves efficiency in manufacturing process and renewable energy efficiency. The vendors in the ceramics industry have to invest in high-quality production processes, logistics systems that guarantee fast delivery and the development of innovative products in order to keep market share. 

WinterGreen Research is an independent research organization funded by the sale of market research studies all over the world and by the implementation of ROI models that are used to calculate the total cost of ownership of equipment, services, and software. The company has 35 distributors worldwide, including Global Information Info Shop, Market Research.com, Research and Markets, electronics.ca, Bloomberg, and Thompson Financial. WinterGreen Research is positioned to help customers facing challenges that define the modern enterprises.

Latest Report by Radiant Insights:


For overview analysis, the report introduces Dry Mortar Production Line basic inFormation including deFinition, classiFication, application, industry chain structure, industry overview, policy analysis, and news analysis, etc.

For international and China market analysis, the report analyzes Dry Mortar Production Line markets in China and other countries or regions (such as US, Europe, Japan, etc) by presenting research on global products of different types and applications, developments and trends of market, technology, competitive landscape, and leading suppliers' and countries' 2009-2014 capacity, production, cost, price, profit, production value, and gross margin. For leading suppliers, related information is listed as products, customers, application, capacity, market position, and company contact information, etc. 2015-2020 Forecast on capacity, production, cost, price, profit, production value, and gross margin For these markets are also included.

Global Synthetic Leather Market Research Report 2015 - www.radiantinsights.com/research/global-synthetic-leather-industry

For industry chain analysis, the report covers Synthetic Leather upstream raw materials, equipment, downstream client survey, marketing channels, industry development trend and proposals, which more specifically include valuable information on Synthetic Leather key applications and consumption, key regions and consumption, key global distributors, major raw materials suppliers and contact information, major manufacturing equipment suppliers and contact information, major suppliers and contact Information, key consumers and contact information, and supply chain relationship analysis.

10 Ways To Give Your Home A Subtle Luxurious Feel


As the old saying goes, every man's home should feel like his castle. However, these days it seems like castles are only seen in storybooks and on big-budget reality TV shows. It doesn't need to be that way. We want to bring that luxury back into your home.
When you develop your home's design, remember that "luxury" doesn't necessarily have to be synonymous with "over the top". There are lots of ways to add a small, luxurious touch to a home. By keeping your look understated, you'll achieve a timeless style that your family and wallet will love.
Check out these 10 Ways To Give Your Home A Subtle Luxurious Feel. Take them into account the next time you tackle your decorating to-do list. You deserve to have your home feel like a grand escape.
Use these tips to give your home a subtle luxurious feel. Image Via: Oz Architects


1. Round Out the Space with Molding and Trim
Molding and trim are two of the most commonly used tactics to transform a room from a basic box into a comfortable space. Quite simply, these elements provide a visual framework for the space while conveying sense that every little detail was taken into account during the decorating process.
There are a few different types of trims that you can consider incorporating:
Baseboards: Baseboards start at the floor and run the parameter of the room. They are usually 3-8 inches high, depending on ceiling height and can have a small decorative detail carved into the top.
Casing: This refers to a flat molding that can be used to frame windows and door frames. It's often used to as a visual cue of transition between two room
Crown Molding: Crown molding runs along the ceiling of a room. It is proportionally about 1 inch thicker than a room's baseboard and often features detailing in the corners
Chair Rails: A thinner piece of molding the runs horizontally around the room at – you guessed it – about the height of a chair. It's usually used in more formal spaces and sits around 36 inches from the floor.
As you choose your molding, make sure to get proper measurements. If you aren't very DIY-oriented, this may be an occasion to hire a professional. Once you've finished the installation, take care to use matching paint or stain on all of your molding in order to achieve a cohesive look.





2. Give Every Room A Focal Point
One way to give your home a luxurious feel is by making sure that each room has a clearly defined focal point. While it sounds fancy, a focal point refers to a singular spot where the lines of the room converge and where your eye is immediately drawn upon entering.
The easiest way to pick a focal point is by highlighting an existing architectural detail. Does your family room have a beautiful, old fireplace that's gathering dust? Perfect. Spruce up the structure by giving it a new mantle. Is there a large window that lets in tons of natural light? Consider adding a window seat to underscore its beauty.
If you can't find a singular detail to point out, don't worry. You can just as easily create one. Splurge on a statement table in your dining room. Use two lamps to frame the cozy seating area in your living room. Show off your artistic skills by painting a piece of art to display in your home office.

Ground every room with a focal point. Image Via: Betsy Burnham Interiors




3. Choose Warm Colors
One of the defining characteristics of any luxurious space is that you want it to feel inviting. You want your family and friends to wish they could spend all of their free time in the safety and comfort provided by rooms. Make sure you create that welcoming atmosphere by choosing the right paint color.
The science behind color psychology has been studied for decades. Warm colors like red, orange, and yellow are perceived as cozy and intimate. Cooler colors like grey and green have been associated with calmness and are used to make a room feel more spacious.
Draw your guests into the space by opting for deep, warm tones. Tan shades serve as a great neutral base on which to build brighter, more vibrant colors. But, if cooler colors are more your style, deep, jeweled tones to still give a subtle nod to luxury.

Incorporate warm colors to make a space feel inviting. Image Via: Dustin Peck Photography



4. Offer Plush Seating
Close your eyes and picture yourself living in the lap of luxury. Do you see yourself reclining back into piles of pillows or struggling to find a comfortable spot on a minimalist seating set? Most likely, it's the former. Give your home a luxurious touch by providing plenty of plush seating.
Whenever possible, make sure that your seating is cushioned and upholstered. Opt for richer, high-quality fabrics to really cement the luxurious feel. Don't hesitate to choose a textured fabric that will help bring an extra layer of depth into the space.
Of course, it's impossible to discuss plush seating without also discussing throw pillows. Those striving to achieve a more modern look should choose an odd number of pillows and arrange them asymmetrically. If your design is more traditional, go for an even amount and display them as bookends on your furniture. Whatever your style, be sure to choose pillows in varying sizes and coordinating colors.

Plush seating makes a room feel luxe and comfortable. Image Via: Streeter Associates





5. Layer Floor Coverings
In the same vein as the cozy seating, you want your floor coverings to be plentiful as opposed to sparse. Not only will layered floor coverings add an extra layer of padding to underfoot, but they will also help to keep your family's feet warmer during the dead of winter – which is a luxury worth any price.
If you can, start with a basic layer. Hardwood or a realistic-looking faux option is your best bet. They will coordinate easily with a variety of color schemes and decorating styles and give you a solid foundation on which to build the rest of your décor. If you are a fan of carpeting, you should choose a solid, neutral color and make sure it has a thick layer of padding underneath.
Then, add in your personal style with throw rugs. Oriental designs are a classic choice for those who want to add a luxurious feel. But, whatever style you
choose, just make sure to use colors that are already present in you design and size that wore with the shape of room.



6. Add Antique Charm
There's something about incorporating an antique element into your décor that adds a feeling of grandeur to a room. By choosing one or two antiques to tie a room together you can add a layer of visual interest to the space without it clashing with your more modern aesthetic.
When it comes how you should incorporate your antique, the sky is the limit. Mirrors are a great option since they will add weight and depth to any space. You could also anchor the room with an armchair or vanity. Those who are newer to antiquing and want to start small could look toward a decorative vase or desk lamp.
Looking for antiques is not an exact science. It may take a bit of time to find the perfect piece to fit into your space, but when you find the one, it will be worth the wait. Make searching for your antiques into an enjoyable experience by spending afternoons combing local flea markets and yard sales. Look at everything and think carefully before buying. A little bit of elbow grease will go a long way toward making an antique shine, but make sure its structure will hold up to use.

Choose one or two antique items to add grandeur. Image Via: Chalet




7. Embrace Metallic Accessories

No luxurious space would be complete without a certain amount of shine. Decadent gold, demure bronze, and lavish silver can each add a rich touch to your rooms. Pick the one that best fits with your personal style and incorporate it into your accessories for a subtle hint of glamour.
Belfort Furniture cautions against going overboard with metallics. They recommend keeping the pieces simple when possible, using one or two items as a statement piece for the room, and always pairing the metallics with solid hues in order to create a relaxing atmosphere.
With those tips in mind, aim to incorporate metals in things like lighting fixtures, wall hangings, and other décor items. If you're feeling particularly bold, you could also consider a singular, bigger pop of metal like a sink basin in your bathroom or cooker hood in the kitchen.





8. Splurge on Finishing Touches
Buckle up for one of the best-kept secrets in interior design: A little bit of luxury will go a long way. Splurge when it comes to your finishing touches and you'll create a luxurious feel for relatively little expenditure.
When talking about finishing touches, designers are referring to small details that are often overlooked on their own, but when added together, really round off the room. This can be anything from window treatments, to hardware finishes for cabinetry, or even live plants to add a pop of freshness to the space.
Choose one or two of these small touches to really drive home your take on luxury. Replace your facet and drawer-pulls with stainless looks for a modern kitchen. Make your bathroom feel like a spa by springing for hotel-quality towels. Top off your master bathroom with satin sheets and a heavy down comforter.





9. Put Effort Into Ambiance

Ambiance will go a long way towards influencing the feel of a space. Soft piano music and lit candles will give off a much more romantic feel than harsh overhead lighting coupled with silence. Make sure you are using atmosphere to really drive home the luxurious feel in your space.
When it comes to ambiance, lighting is key. Use lampshades to keep lighting soft and diffused. If your fixture utilizes more than one bulb at a time, consider mixing colors – white and pink work well together to create a subtle hue. If you have overhead lighting in your space, install dimmer switches to allow you to control the brightness.
Beyond lighting, music will help you add a luxe touch to any space. Invest in a solid sound system and thoughtfully place speakers so that sound will be evenly distributed throughout the space. Consider wiring them into the ceiling to keep any unsightly hardware and wires out of sight.


10. Keep Everything Neat and Organized

Think about all the luxurious spaces you've seen on TV and in magazines. Are there knick-knacks cluttering every space and personal items lying about? On the contrary, the rooms are always sleek and clean. Fortunately, you don't need a team of art directors and photographers to achieve the same feel in your home.
Do your best to keep clutter to a minimum by investing in storage solution that you'll actually use. Solid bins that match your décor will easily hide away any amount of chaos you can store inside. Station a few of these in every room within easy reach of couches and other high-trafficked areas to ensure you have no excuse store your clutter inside.
A clean space will, of course, feel more luxurious that one in need of a good scrub down. Do your best to make a cleaning scheduling and stick to it. To ensure your space is always photo-ready, take care of heavy-duty tasks during your days off and weekends. Then, you'll only have to give the surfaces a quick wipe down on days when you are rushing out the door.

Clean and organize your space to keep it looking luxurious. Image Via: Carol Vaughan-Davis

glazed tiles: the difference of microstructure and topography comparing to unglazed tiles

Porcelain stoneware is a synergy of the manufacturing technology and mechanical properties has been excellent between developed special effect products. Despite its excellent technical characteristics, slip resistance can be significantly different, depending on the tile surface finish: structured or smooth, glazed or polished. Aimed at reducing the risk of slipping on ceramic tiles have been installed, some of the surface treatment has been introduced into the market. Most of these treatments include acid-based applications (hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride), which can produce chemically etched ceramic surface.
In the literature, many works microstructure glazed tile treated in an acidic or alkaline environment modification. Issue a means using a chemical etching process slip minority works considered relevant in terms of security, no further study the characteristics of ceramic surfaces. Deep knowledge of the tile surface microstructure, morphology and structure parameters in assessing if the acid treatment will result in a non-slip surface, without causing damage to the key role of ceramic products.
In particular, the surface topography is an important feature of the tile surface. In order to measure parameters of the surface, there are many different types of instruments . Typically, the measurement techniques can be divided into two categories: (a) the type of contact and (b) non-contact type. Touch probe contour is the most popular, however, recently, non-contact profile, such as confocal and interferometric microscope , has been developed and is widely used. Today, the availability of a new generation of measuring instruments to promote qualitative and quantitative characterization of surface texture, not only for advanced ceramics, but also for the traditional ceramics. Typically the surface of ceramic tiles using the stylus of 2D analyzer for analysis, however, very often, 2D measurement is not enough to give an accurate description of the surface.
In the present work, both before and after commercial glazed porcelain stoneware tiles non-slip surface treatment were studied and analyzed. Our goal is to find out whether there own slip resistance (slip resistance) and their microscopic structure and three-dimensional surface topography, as well as the correlation between the surface texture parameters.

Experimental

Two glazed porcelain tiles with different surface treatments like chemical and mineral composition were studied: A picture is characterized by heterogeneous, textured surfaces and tiled B band uniform, smooth surface. Commercially available non-slip surface treatment comprises applying to the ceramic surface, according to the manufacturer's instructions (manual), and allowed to stand tiles A and 30 seconds 1 minute B. tile surface characterization of a hydrofluoric acid-based solution has been In two tiles A ("untreated" or "treated") and W B ("B untreated" or "B TREATED") of untreated and surface treated samples performed.
Ceramic surface impact caused by micro-scale treatment in the study has been carried out following analysis:
  • Mineralogy and microstructure analysis:
    • X- ray diffraction (XRD PW 3830; Philips, The Netherlands);
    • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss EVO 40, D) and X- ray energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental analysis (EDS, Inca, Oxford Instruments, UK) operating at 25 kV accelerating voltage of typical electronic (EHT);
And
  • The surface morphology characterization and mapping:
    • Three-dimensional optical microscopy / contour machine (Leica DCM 3D) using confocal mode.
As the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of brick (slip resistance) of the surface treatment of non-slip performance, tests have been carried out in accordance with the following standards: DIN 51130 and DIN 51097. These standards describe the test known as ramps, one of them wearing shoes feet (shoes), or walking barefoot in the method of inclined surfaces. Inclined surface to be coated with a lubricant, such as oil, soap, water and the like. Based on these criteria, the test person walking back and forth on a flat surface covered with tiles to be investigated, and it is gradually tilted. The surface may be cleaned or coated with a lubricant. Tilt angle which people start to slip in, and then OK.

The results

Table 1 shows, the untreated sample tiles for rich, mineralogy determined stage "A unprocessed" and "B untreated" surface. XRD patterns of the two samples also showed a large amount of an amorphous (non-crystalline) phase, in the presence of typical compositions were ceramic tiles.
Label 1: untreated mineral composition of the sample tiles A and B
Sample
Mineralogical stage
"Untreated"
Quartz, plagioclase, zircon (trace)
"B untreated"
Quartz, plagioclase, zircon, corundum (traces)
Figure 1 shows a SEM-EDS elemental microanalysis performed from the sample "A untreated" and "B untreated" surface analysis results. The same elements on the surface of the sample analysis process performed not reported here, since the elements no significant change with respect to the untreated sample has been detected.
Figure 1: Tile EDS spectra obtained on the surface of A and B of untreated samples: "A untreated" [span = 251 words] (a) and "B untreated" [span = 686 count] (b).
A typical SEM micrograph shown in Figure 2-5 and the untreated and treated samples A and B of the brick by comparing these micrographs (untreated and treated sample), it can be inferred, in the non-etched surface treatment crystal phase, and lead to the mineralogy (crystal) phase of the surface current is highlighted in micrograph.
Figure 2: SEM photograph of a ceramic tile in typical low magnification photographing untreated and the treated surface of the sample: "A untreated" (one) and "treated" (two).
Figure 3: untreated and treated samples A brick SEM micrographs of the surface at high magnification: "An untreated" (one) and "treated" (two).
Figure 4: SEM micrograph of a typical acetic tiles at lower magnification photographing surface untreated and treated samples: "B untreated" (a) and "B TREATED" (b) in Fig.
Figure 5: micrograph of untreated and treated samples B SEM image at higher magnification photographing surface: "B untreated" (a) and "B TREATED" (b) in Fig.
Both samples using a 10 × objective lens tiles A ("A untreated" and "treated") surface area (each 2.93 × 2.2 MM) has been imaged by confocal microscopy. 6 images taken samples map "untreated", the Z range of surface morphology and Levels of representation in microns (μm) of the calibration of "treated" show 3D.
By contrast images, no tiles between the two samples A significant morphological differences are seen. Contour map (see Fig. 7) forming in the same Figure 6 shows two regions of different levels of the curve points representing the same height with the micron-scale level on the surface. After the observation chart, you can see the differences in the level curves have a similar shape for the two samples. In addition, there is no substantial difference in the height values ​​have been determined for each of the analysis region (see Table 2) of the roughness parameters obtained.
Figure 6: a three-dimensional confocal microscope image (10 × objective lens), z range of the region on the surface of the untreated and treated samples of the color scale of tiles A,: "An unhandled" 5.8 mm × 4.4 mm × 130.8 m] (a) and "treated" 毫米 5.8 mm x 141.6 x 4.4 micron] (b).
Figure 7: Outline drawing, with the color scale of the z range, the untreated and treated samples on the tile surface area A in FIG. 6a and 6b: "A untreated" (one) and "treated The "(two).
Tag 2: List A height of about tile shown in Figure 6 in the area of the surface roughness parameters of untreated or partially treated samples (Gaussian cut-off filter: 0.25 mm).
ISO 25178 High parameters
"Untreated"
"Treated"
p (m)
Peak height
62.52
82.14
v (m)
Deepest pit
74.41
65.34
Ž (micron)
And S p + S v
136.93
147.49
a (m)
The arithmetic mean of the absolute values ​​of the height
12.06
11.05
At higher magnification (using a 20 × objective lens) imaging the surface area of ​​2.92 × 1.71 mm.Three-dimensional image (refer to FIG. 8) surface is analyzed, and the surface roughness parameters (see Table 3), reflecting the similar texture tile A (treated and untreated) of two samples.
Figure 8: a three-dimensional confocal microscope image (20 × objective lens), is used to scale the surface of untreated tiles with color A and the treated sample area within the range Z,: "An unhandled" [2.9 mm × 1.7 mm × 62.9 m] (a) and "treated" [2.9 mm × 1.7 × 68.6 micron 毫米] (b).
Tag 3: lists on a height of a surface roughness parameter area of the portion A of the untreated tile shown in FIG. 8 or the treated sample (Gaussian cut-off filter: 0.25 mm).
ISO 25178 High parameters
"Untreated"
"Treated"
p (m)
Peak height
36.71
39.83
v (m)
Deepest pit
26.16
28.78
Ž (micron)
And S p + S v
62.87
68.61
a (m)
The arithmetic mean of the absolute values ​​of the height
7.82
7.94
Operating confocal microscope largest multiple possible (150 × objective lens), can be observed on the surface of the sample tiles morphological differences A (treated and untreated) between the two.On the surface of the sample "treated" (see FIG. 9B), there is a region in which the crystals are present, in agreement with the SEM observations (see Fig. 3B). These "A untreated" on the surface of the crystal sample (see FIG. 9a) is not visible, because they are embedded in the amorphous phase.
Figure 9: a three-dimensional confocal microscope images (150x objective), z range region on the surface of untreated tiles with color scale A and the treated sample pairs,: "An unhandled" [84.9 x 61.6 × 4 m] (a) and "treated" [84.9 x 61.6 x 8.1 m] (b).
For sample B of tile, "B untreated" and "B TREATED", the area (2.93 × 2.2 mm) of using a 10x objective has been imaged by confocal microscopy. Two images shown in Figure 10 is a sample "B untreated" (see FIG. 10a) and "B TREATED" (with reference to FIG. 10b) in. Z range of surface morphology and color scale that they appear in a three-dimensional representation of each region micron alignment. According to the comparison between the image seen, no significant differences in the morphology of both samples, although it can be observed that the treated surface shows a peak slightly smooth, in other words, the peak is smaller than those of untreated whole projection surface.
Figure 10: Three-dimensional confocal microscope image (10 × objective lens), the z range region on the surface of the untreated and treated samples of the color scale of the tile B, "B untreated" [2.9 mm × 2.1 mm × 56.3 [mu] m [(a) and "B TREATED" [2.9 毫米 毫米 × 26.6 × 2.2 m] (b) in Fig.
Comparison of the profile view, FIG. 10 for the two regions, but it can be noted, is suitably separated and provided in a very high level for the sample "B untreated" boundary detected peaks (see Fig. 11A) ( about 33 microns), while for sample "B treated" (see Fig. 11b), the presence of very small uneven wide spread area exists.
Figure 11: Outline drawing, with the color scale of the z range, the surface area of ​​the untreated and treated samples on tile B in Figures 10a and 10b as shown in "B untreated" (a) and " B TREATED "(two). 
Comparison of the surface roughness parameter value of two samples (see Table 4) of the display area is consistent with the conclusions of the 3D image data: all surface roughness parameters, in terms of height, showed a slight decrease of treatment relative to untreated sample sampling.
Tag 4: (0.25 mm Gaussian filter cutoff) value of the surface roughness parameter is about the height of the untreated tile A in Fig. 10 or the treated sample area of the part.
ISO 25178 High parameters
"B untreated"
"B TREATED"
p (m)
Peak height
29.06
18.53
v (m)
Deepest pit
27.08
19.75
Ž (micron)
And S p + S v
56.14
38.28
a (m)
The arithmetic mean of the absolute values ​​of the height
1.85
1.69
Images obtained again confocal microscope (objective 150 times) of the maximum magnification, morphological differences could be observed between the two sample surface for tile B, treated and untreated, because this is the case for the tile A on the sample surface of the sample "B TREATED" (with reference to FIG. 12B), there is a region with a crystal exists. On the crystal surface is not visible sample "B untreated" (see FIG. 12A), because they are embedded in the amorphous phase.
Figure 12: Three-dimensional confocal microscope images (150x objective), untreated and treated samples of the color scale of the surface area of ​​the tile B for z- series, "B untreated" [84.9 x 61.6 X 6.3 micron] (a) and "B TREATED" [84.9 x 61.6 X 3.3μm] (b) of Fig.
Can be assumed to tile B, characterized in that it has a smooth, uniform texture on the surface, the non-slip treatment caused significant changes in the surface roughness parameters, i.e., reduce the average parameter values ​​after treatment).
Tile A, which is characterized by a more fragment B surface more structured and heterogeneous texture, surface morphology can be seen that the effect of the acid treatment, at high magnification, but still on the surface roughness parameter value is not significantly changed.
Slip resistance (slip resistance), the results (see Table 5) is determined, the test method specified in the standard DIN 51130 [7] did not improve tiles A (heterogeneity, textured surface) through non-slip handle, because it remains classified R9, even slip angle increases 1 °. The results for both samples B Watts (uniform, smooth surface) shows that it is not appropriate to have a high risk of sliding, even after non-slip handle studio. People walking barefoot on wet surfaces, in the pool area or in the shower or tub conditions, the experimental study made according to the method specified in the standard DIN 51097 [8] showed that for tile treatment to achieve the best classification , A + B + C, while the untreated sample can not be classified (UC). However, these data seem to indicate that, in the non-slip performance is more dependent on the tile lubricant used and tiles, rather than the surface roughness of the surface chemical composition.
Label 5: slip resistance (slip resistance) from compliance with DIN 51130 and DIN 51097 test results on the handling of tiles A and B and untreated samples.
Sample
Test Methods
The average slip angle (°)
Slip resistance group
"Untreated"
DIN 51130

6
R9
"Treated"
7
R9
"B untreated"
0
UC
"B TREATED"
0
UC
"Untreated"
DIN 51097

8
UC
"Treated"
33
A + B + C
"B untreated"
11.7
UC
"B TREATED"
35
A + B + C
Legend:
UC = non-confidential
Group DIN 51130 (based on the slip angle): R9⇒6 ° -10 °; R10⇒10 ° -19 °; R11⇒19 ° -27 °; R12⇒27 ° -35 °; R13⇒> 35 °
Group DIN 51097 (based on slip angle): A⇒12 ° -17.9 °; B ⇒18 ° -23.9 °; Ç⇒> 24 °

In conclusion

Two types of tiles were investigated in this report: Tile A, with heterogeneous and textured surfaces and tiled B band uniform, smooth surface. Both types of glazed tiles have similar chemical and mineral composition. Slip handle acid used to modify the surface, it seems suitable for this glazed tile. The effect is particularly remarkable wet (water) surface, wherein the sample is treated under the tiles A and B exhibit anti-skid (skid resistance) significantly increases. In addition, non-slip handle tile cleanliness is not compromised. The data suggest that the surface chemistry of the lubricant composition on the tile and slip resistance than the surface roughness of more significant effect, but further research must To better understand this phenomenon to achieve.
Tile surface topography analysis showed that treatment with anti-skid, change the surface structure can be detected at the microscopic scale. Microscopic surface roughness changes only tile B (smooth and homogeneous texture), the surface morphology of the etched glazed tile wherein the amorphous phase due to the overall smoothing significantly.
For this type of tile, from microscopic structural point of view, the application of the treatment will result in an amorphous (non-crystalline) phase of the etching, and the crystalline phase (quartz, feldspar, zircon and corundum) does not change.